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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00059_Field_frep03.txt
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1996-12-30
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90 lines
In that year Japanese
neurophysiologist Tsuneo
Tomita, working at Keio
University in Tokyo, first
succeeded in getting a
microelectrode inside the
cones of a fish, with a result so
surprising that many
contemporaries at first
seriously doubted it. In the
dark, the potential across the
cone membrane was
unexpectedly low for a nerve
cell: roughly 50 millivolts
rather than the usual 70
millivolts. When the cone was
illuminated, this potential
increased--the membrane
became hyperpolarized--just
the reverse of what everyone
had assumed would happen. In
the dark, vertebrate light
receptors are apparently more
depolarized (and have a lower
membrane potential) than
ordinary resting nerve cells,
and the depolarization causes a
steady release of transmitter at
the axon terminals, just as it
would in a conventional
receptor during stimulation.
Light, by increasing the
potential across the receptor-
cell membrane (that is, by
hyperpolarizing it), cuts down
this transmitter release.
Stimulation thus turns the
receptors off, strange as that
may seem. Tomita's discovery
may help us to understand why
the optic-nerve fibers of
vertebrates are so active in the
dark: it is the receptors that are
spontaneously active;
presumably, many of the
bipolar and ganglion cells are
simply doing what the receptors
tell them to do.
In the ensuing decades, the
main problems have been to
learn how light leads to
hyperpolarization of the
receptor, especially how
bleaching as little as a single
molecule of visual pigment, by a
single photon of light, can lead,
in the rod, to a measureable
change in membrane potential.
Both processes are now
reasonably well understood.
Hyperpolarization by light is
caused by the shutting off of a
flow of ions. In darkness, part
of the receptor membrane is
more permeable than the rest of
the membrane to sodium ions.
Consequently, sodium ions
continually flow into the cell
there, and potassium ions flow
out elsewhere. This flow of ions
in the dark, or dark current,
was discovered in 1970 by
William Hagins, Richard Penn,
and Shuko Yoshikami at the
National Institute of Arthritis
and Metabolic Diseases in
Bethesda. It causes
depolarization of the receptor
at rest, and hence its continual
activity. As a result of the
bleaching of the visual pigment
in response to light, the sodium
pores close, the dark current
decreases, and the membrane
depolarization declines--the
cell thus hyperpolarizes. Its
rate of activity (that is,
transmitter release) decreases.